Unit+4

[[file:chapter 16 two column 433.docx]][[file:chapter 16 key terms.docx]]
12/13/10 = ** Chapter 16 – THE CONQUEST OF THE FAR WEST ** =

** Far west: ** west of the Mississippi river Very diverse -- desert, plains, mountain range, climate/weather

** Social **

Every race had a place on the social hiearchy || Clubs that attacked Chinese for working for low wages in cities || Also a result of economic fear (unemployment) Led to Chinese restriction laws ||
 * ** Key terms ** ||  ** Definition **  ||  ** Importance **  ||
 * ** Caste System ** || Rose b/c of interactions btwn Spanish and Natives || Reflected Spanish Empire society, racially rooted
 * ** Plain Indians ** || Nomadic tribes, deep reverence for nature, hunted buffaloes. || The Sioux Nation became powerful tribe (buffalo hunting tribe) in the Miss. R. Valley ||
 * ** Chinatowns ** || Urban areas where Chinese population in US cities || Chinese = discriminated by other races à Led to anti-coolies violence, political pressure = Chinese exclusion act. reflected growing fear of nation from unemployment + labor unrest  ||
 * ** Anti-coolie clubs ** || Coolies: Chinese indentured servants whose conditions was close to slavery
 * ** Railroads/Coolies ** || Chinese employed for lower wages = coolies || Growth of anti-coolie clubs, opposition to Chinese workers b/c jobs are taken from whites, ^ want to protect “Americans” 4 job ||
 * ** Mining Booms ** || Created gender imbalances, 10% single male in the West, b/c mining attract men who are usu. outlaws || Women sold off to prostitution, mining societies during 1860s-80s ||
 * ** Romanticism ** || The Great Plains, Rocky Mt, Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range = tourism. Led to art schools and tourism || Displayed American Romanticism. Led to resort hotels. ||
 * ** Owen Wister’s The Virginian 1902 ** || A popular novel that Romanticized freedom and traditional constraints + affinity w/ nature of cowboys. || Cowboys become important symbol of American ideal of natural man. Became a hero. ||
 * ** Mark Twain ** || Wrote books such as Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer which reflected American ideas that the west was the “last frontier” || Ideas that West = last refuge from constraints of the city ||
 * ** Frederic Jackson Turner ** || Idea that the Frontier = end of most important democratizing forces in American life || Little or no land to be acquired in America b/c Western land = occupied. Americans could no longer find new life in the west ||
 * ** Battle of Little Bighorn ** || 1876 at Montana, Sioux stood up to whites as a response to violence against Indians. || Indian resistance ||

** Political **

Led to **Taos Indian Rebellion in 1847** (436) where Indians killed governor à NM military control ||
 * ** Key terms ** ||  ** Definition **  ||  ** Importance **  ||
 * ** Gen. Stephen Kearney ** || Tried to est. American gov’t in New Mexico (center of Spanish-speaking farming + trade) that excluded Hispanic aristocrats || Sent fear from aristocrats + Indians = American immigrants confiscate land
 * ** Chinese Exclusion Act ** || Banned Chinese immigration for 10 years, Chinese cannot be citizens. Was renewed in 1892 for another 10 years and then made permanent in 1902. || Widespread support from the nation. Reflected fear of unemployment and labor unrest. Tried to reduce class conflict and protect “American” workers. The Chinese socially shocked to be regarded close as AA or Indians, unsuccessful resistance. ||
 * ** Homestead Act of 1862 ** || Permitted settlers to buy plots of 160 acres for a small fee if they already occupied it for 5 years || Encouraged settlement, gave land to ppl w/out prospects. ||
 * ** Homestead Allotments ** || (441) set of laws, Timber Culture Act (1873) received more land grants if they plant trees, Desert Land Act (1877) could buy land if they irrigate them, Stone Act (1878) || Allowed each person to acquire as much as 1,280 acres of land for little cost. ||
 * ** Ranching ** || Women also ranched in the West and by 1890, more than 250,000 owned ranches or farm || Led to expansion of women suffrage, starting with Wyoming (447) ||
 * ** Concentration Policy of 1851 ** || Put all tribes in reservations by unauthorized treaties that benefited whites but harmed Indians. || The gov’t could control the lands that they wanted. Divided the Indians for easier control. ||
 * ** Wounded Knee ** || Area where the last armed conflict b/w Lakota + the US || Indian hunting = devastated deaths of 5,000 Indians ||
 * ** The Dawes Act ** || Gradual elimination of tribal ownership to land in order to increase and give out allotments to Indian farms ||  ||

 ** Economic **

**Chinese**: Worked hard for low income. Made 90% of Pacific side, well-organized, hard working, "coolies" indentured servants whose condition was close to slavery. Were hated because they took the jobs from other Americans --> Chinese Exclution Act (banned any Chinese immigrants for ten years; was renewd every ten years) because they didn't speak english, were viewed as inferior.

|| Trade btwn Indians + US, popular fad ﻿Attracted trade with easterners, native Americans used EVERY part of Buffalo's while Americans only used a small amount of their body.
 * ** Key terms ** ||  ** Definition **  ||  ** Importance **  ||
 * ** Buffalo ** || Provided economic basis for Plain Indian’s life

it was the Native Americans food source    eventually got killed off

** symbol/micrososm of Americans taking over and eventually killing off Indians ||
 * ** Transcontinental Road ** || 1865-9 employed Chinese workers for cheap labor by the Central Pacific.

|| Major economic accomplishment, 90% of Pacific side built by Chinese  ﻿For every mile laid, gov't sold land beside it at bargained prices in order to encourage settlement in the west

Primary mode of transportation || ** Comstock Lode in Washoe, Nevada 1860-80 ** ** Black Hills, S Dakota 1874 ** || Mining booms in the west that transformed the region into cities overnight. They are short-lived booms that reaped a lot of money. Comstock Lode ($306 mil) 1st major silver deposit. (443) || Early economical booms of the West. Also explained gender imbalance b/c gold attracted single men (usu. outlaws) || ** Ranching ** || Rise of cattle industry in the west à “cowboys” highly admired by those in the East  || Led to railroad constructions. Competition w/ farmers who raised sheep 4 land. declined after droughts ||
 * ** Colorado Rush of 1859 **
 * ** Cattle Kingdom **
 * ** Chilsolm Trail ** || Trail used by cowboys to bring cattle from ranches à trading places  ||  Southern TX à Kansas  ||
 * ** Sand Creek Massacre ** || US Militia destroyed Indian ter., Indians attacked stagecoaches. over 100 Indians massacred in battle || A good % of the killed were women and children ||

Frontier
"An empty land awaiting settlement and civilazation; a place of wealth, adventure, opportunity, and untrammeled individualism; a place of fresh beginnings and bold undertakings." (401)

An imaginary line where there's opportunity, resources, etc. It's a land where you'd have to make it yourself. it's not all there to take advantage of. It's "uninhabited"

**Two Column: __CHAPTER 16__** //“The Conquest of the Far West”// pg. 433


 * ** Comments/Connections/Questions ** || ** Topic: The Conquest of the Far West ** ||
 * Because travelers went west and said it was a deserted place

Oregon Trail, California Trail, etc.

Not really a frontier because there were Indians

Yup. That’s the myth of the “frontier”

Railroads, communication (telegraph), through entrepreneurs, etc. || · Many English-speaking American’s were scared to travel west

· Mid-1840’s, migrants like farmers, miner, or ranchers settled west and challenged the reasons why to be scared

· West not the “Great American Desert” anymore, it was the “//frontier”//

· //Frontier:// an empty land awaiting settlement and civilization; a place of wealth, adventure, opportunity, and untrammeled individualism

· Myth and Reality:

- Myth: deserted land - Reality: Indians

· English-speaking Americans connected S with growing capitalist economy of East ||